Fish scale of Sardina pilchardus as a biosorbent for the removal of Ponceau S dye from water: Experimental, designing and Monte Carlo investigations

In this work, the removal of hazardous Ponceau S dye (PS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using Fish Scale (FS) Sardina pilchardus as low-cost adsorbent. Different relevant factors such contact time, initial pH, PS concentration, biosorbent dose and temperature were examined to evaluate their effects. The optimization these performed with a Central Composite Design (CCD). Optimized parameters (pH = 2.1, [PS] 35 mg L?1, m(FS) 250.0 mg, V 200 mL T 303 K) found maximum 96.58% loading onto FS. kinetics results show that pseudo-first-order model gave better fit than pseudo-second-order model. Freundlich isotherm Langmuir thermodynamic factors, Gibb’s free energy change (?G), enthalpy (?H) entropy (?S) have been calculated. biosorption be spontaneous endothermic process. desorption exhausted in alkaline solution. Furthermore, Monte Carlo (MC) radial distribution function (RDF) simulations achieved obtain understanding mechanism on both collagen hydroxyapatite (HDA) which are main constituents showed presented HDA surface. studied surfaces spontaneous, characterized highly by chemical interactions slightly physical ones. Since FS is marine waste, it presents interesting perspectives treatment contaminated wastewaters large-scale.